Development of the Central Nervous System Practice Test

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• Which embryonic cell population gives rise to peripheral nerves and many cranial structures, such as autonomic ganglia and Schwann cells?
• What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?
• Which of the following is a major commissural tract other than the corpus callosum?
• The corpus callosum is primarily composed of which type of neural fibers?
• Which condition is characterized by agenesis of the corpus callosum?
• Which genes are commonly implicated in lissencephaly?
• Embryologically, the hippocampus originates from which brain region?
• The ganglionic eminences contribute interneurons to the cortex via which migration mode?
• Efferent means what?
• Tangential migration is a mode of neuronal movement involved in cortical development. Which option correctly identifies this migration?
• Disrupted neuronal migration during cortical development most directly leads to which outcome?
• Periventricular nodular heterotopia is commonly associated with a mutation in which gene?
• Which plate derivatives give rise to association neurons?
• The central sulcus separates which lobes?
• Which brain structure is central to patterning and connects sensory input to cortical processing?
• Which structure primarily connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
• Which of the following is not a component of the central nervous system?
• What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?
• Oligodendrocyte precursors originate from which zones, and when do they begin myelination?
• Differentiate radial migration from tangential migration with examples.
• What are the four types of neurons that migrate to the cortex?
• The retina develops from which embryological region and contributes to which major functional system?
• Which statement about the ganglionic eminences is correct?
• What does the interplay of SHH, BMP, and WNT signaling accomplish in forebrain patterning?
• The cells of the ventral columns become which neurons?
• What are the major derivatives of the rhombencephalon?
• Which components are contained within the higher centers?
• Which statement best distinguishes meningomyelocele from meningocoele?
• The lateral cerebral sulcus is near which brain region?
• Dorsal root ganglia originate from which embryonic tissue?
• Which structures are major derivatives of the telencephalon?
• What are the openings in the roof plate of the fourth ventricle?
• Ependymal cells line which structures?
• During brain vesicle development, the neural canal expands into which structure?
• Which region connects the frontal lobes?
• Which structure absorbs CSF into the venous system?
• Spina bifida occulta is best described as which condition?
• The enteric nervous system is part of which broader nervous system?
• What is another name for the visceral nervous system?
• What does the ventral root contain?
• Which structures comprise the metencephalon?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the four neuron types migrating to the cortex?
• The occipital sulcus separates which lobes?
• Periventricular nodular heterotopia results from neurons failing to migrate from which region?
• Which statement best describes the ventral root?
• What are the two classes of glia in the CNS?
• Which structure is a derivative of the diencephalon?
• What is the clinical significance of folate in CNS development?
• Which signals pattern dorsal neural tube identities from the roof plate and surface ectoderm?
• Afferent means what direction?
• Which pattern best describes how cortical neurons are arranged across layers during development?
• What is the choroid plexus specialized to do?
• What does the dorsal root contain?
• Which structure contains preganglionic autonomic neurons within the spinal cord?
• The sulcus limitan marks the boundary between which plates?
• If the posterior neuropore fails to close during development, what condition results?
• Which teratogen is strongly associated with neural tube defects, and what preventive measure reduces risk?
• Radial glia cells give rise to which types of progenitors?
• Where are cortical interneurons primarily generated, and how do they reach the cortex?
• What are the higher centers and what do they contain?
• Which two glial cell types form the main CNS glial classes?
• Hydrocephalus is ventriculomegaly due to what primary disturbance?
• Which embryological region gives rise to the cerebellum?
• Which molecule acts as an attractant for commissural axons at the midline?
• What neurotransmitter is released by the parasympathetic system?
• In spinal cord development, which signaling pathways govern dorsal-ventral patterning?
• Ventral plates are also known as which term?
• What is the surgical procedure called that severs the corpus callosum to reduce seizure spread?
• Which gene is commonly implicated in periventricular heterotopia?
• Which structure serves as the main relay for sensory information to the cortex?
• Which processes continue postnatally to refine CNS circuitry?
• Which type of cell is produced by the ventricular layer as the third cell type?
• What do the somatic motor neurons innervate?
• Which statement correctly describes the intermediolateral cell column?
• When is folate supplementation most crucial to reduce neural tube defect risk?
• What is true about the pontine flexure?
• Which statement about the central sulcus is true?
• What are the main derivatives of the metencephalon?
• Neural crest cells contribute to which peripheral nervous system structure?
• Which brain region forms from the diencephalon and serves as the principal relay for sensory information to the cortex?
• During which weeks do the neural flexures form?
• Where do the basal and alar plates abut laterally?
• The rhombencephalon gives rise to which two secondary vesicles?
• Name two cortical migration disorders besides lissencephaly.
• Which hindbrain malformation is classically associated with myelomeningocele?
• On what day are cranial nerves distinguishable?
• Cortical interneurons migrate to the cortex using which mode of migration?
• What structures comprise the central nervous system?
• Which tissues are innervated by the visceral nervous system?
• The cerebral aqueduct connects which ventricles?
• Forebrain patterning networks: which signaling families interact to pattern the forebrain along dorsal–ventral and rostrocaudal axes and establish midline structures?
• In the inside-out organization of the cerebral cortex, early-born neurons populate which cortical layers?
• Which portion connects the parietal and occipital lobes?
• What are the two parts of the brain?
• What does the intermediolateral cell column contain?
• What is a major derivative of the prosencephalon?
• Which statement about agenesis of the corpus callosum is true?
• Which ventricular structure is a derivative of the telencephalon?
• Which option correctly describes the transcription factor markers for cortical layers?
• What happens on day 24 of development?
• Where are cortical interneurons primarily generated?
• Which statement about the thalamus’ role in CNS development is true?
• Which set of plates run the length of the spinal cord?
• The lateral cerebral sulcus is located near which lobe?
• How do radial glial cells contribute to cortical development?
• Which set correctly lists the three parts referred to as components of spinal nerves?
• Radial glia cells are best described as which of the following?
• What is the function of the ventricular zone during early CNS development?
• Which opening is NOT located in the roof of the fourth ventricle?
• What are the two major functional divisions of the nervous system?
• Which molecule primarily ventralizes the neural tube to establish ventral identities?
• During development, from which midline region do the callosal fibers originate to cross to the opposite hemisphere?
• Derivatives from metencephalon and myelencephalon?
• The metencephalon develops into which two structures?
• What is the tela choroidea?
• Which description best fits a smooth cortex due to neuronal migration disorder?
• Which statement about the occipital sulcus is correct?
• Which event occurs on day 22 of neural development?
• Which facial anomaly may be present with holoprosencephaly?
• Gliogenesis begins relative to neurogenesis, and which glial cell types are produced?
• Which part of the corpus callosum is located most posteriorly?
• Which process ensures neurons generated in the ventricular zone populate cortical layers in an orderly fashion with an inside-out pattern?
• Primary neurulation forms which CNS structure?
• Agenesis of which major brain commissure results in impaired interhemispheric communication?
• Deep-layer cortical neurons are marked by which transcription factors?
• Which of the following lists the three neural flexures that form during development?
• The retina originates as an outgrowth from which brain region?
• Which part is located in the anterior region of the corpus callosum?
• Which parts form the brain stem?
• What is the shape of the rhombencephalon?
• The hypothalamus primarily regulates which two major bodily systems?
• Which lobe is primarily involved in limbic system components including the hippocampus?
• Which structure is NOT a derivative of the diencephalon?
• Which prenatal screening marker is commonly elevated in neural tube defects?
• Which signaling molecules are collectively responsible for dorsal–ventral forebrain patterning and midline formation?
• Periventricular heterotopia is characterized by neurons failing to migrate away from which region?
• Which of the following describes radial glia cells as early neuroepithelial cells?
• The somatic nervous system innervates which structures?
• Which signaling pathway provides repulsion for commissural axons at the midline?
• The adult hippocampus is located in which brain region?
• CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles. Which sequence correctly describes its flow from production to absorption?
• The autonomic nervous system has two divisions. Which is correct?
• Where is the mesencephalic flexure located?
• Agenesis of the corpus callosum leads to which condition?
• Which structure forms the blood-CSF barrier and provides signaling molecules during CNS development?
• Is the somatic nervous system sensory or motor or both?
• Secondary neurulation forms which part of the CNS?
• Which structural feature of the CNS is primarily generated by neural crest cells, including dorsal root ganglia formation?
• Afferent nerves are what type of nerves?
• Dorsal columns form which neurons?
• Which statement describes the direct effect of abnormal cortical neuron migration on cortical architecture?
• Exposure to valproic acid during pregnancy increases the risk of which CNS abnormalities?
• What is the role of Reelin in cortical development?
• Which axon guidance cues guide commissural axons crossing the midline?
• The neural canal expands into in the brain vesicles?
• Name two posterior fossa malformations that can occur in the CNS.
• What is the brain stem and what does it contain?
• Which flexure is located in the midbrain region?
• Holoprosencephaly is associated with defects in signaling of which developmental pathway?
• The peripheral nervous system includes which components?
• What is the role of the isthmic organizer and which signaling molecule is central there?
• The cervical flexure is located near the junction between which structures?
• What does the nervous system of vertebrates consist of?
• Beyond producing CSF, what is a key developmental role of the choroid plexus?
• Dandy-Walker malformation is described by which features?
• Where is the cervical flexure located?
• Which process is most directly affected by damage to the corpus callosum?
• Which neural layer gives rise to glioblasts?
• Dorsal plates are also known as which term?
• Which gene is commonly implicated in lissencephaly?
• Which of the following is the largest white-matter commissure in the brain?
• Which derivatives are metencephalon and myelencephalon derived from?
• How many major parts are typically described in the corpus callosum?
• What hormone is released by the sympathetic system?
• The pontine flexure is associated with the development of which brain structure?
• The visceral nervous system innervates which tissues?
• Which brain vesicle gives rise to the midbrain?
• Which signaling molecule from the notochord and floor plate patterns ventral neural tube identities?
• Where are radial glia cells located in the developing nervous system?
• Which cells line the cavities of the central nervous system, including the brain ventricles and the spinal canal?